Gender Discrimination and Mental Health Among Health Care Workers: Findings from a Mixed Methods Study.

Background: Gender discrimination among healthcare workers (HCWs) negatively impacts their mental health and career development; however, few studies have explored how experiences of gender discrimination change during times of health system strain. Methods: This survey-based study assesses the associations between gender discrimination and four stress-related mental health outcomes (posttraumatic stress, depression, anxiety, and burnout), as well as the qualitative experiences of gender discrimination in healthcare during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: Among women, increased gender discrimination was associated with heightened symptoms of posttraumatic stress, depression, anxiety, and burnout after adjusting for demographics and pandemic-related stressors; however, among men, increased gender discrimination was only associated with heightened symptoms of depression. Using thematic analysis, we identified five themes that describe experiences of gender discrimination faced by women in healthcare, including differential valuing of work and contributions, gendered roles and assumptions about roles, maternal discrimination, objectification, and "old boys club." We also identified two themes describing how men perceived gender discrimination, including instances of symbolic discrimination and woman provider preference. Conclusion: These findings suggest that experiences of gender discrimination persist during times of health system strain and negatively impact women HCWs' mental health.

An Assessment of Gender Inequality Experienced by Female Youth in Indian Household During COVID-19 Online Classes

Due to the patriarchal society, the females in the houses suffer the most. Women's schooling attainment in India continues to lag considerably behind that of men. Gender discrimination in household expenditure on education has led to unsatisfactory educational attainment for women in many countries across the world. It has been observed that households across different states in rural and urban India prefer to incur more education expenditure for male members than females. This research examines the discrimination in Indian households between male and female children during lockdown due to COVID-19. The research was conducted by placing factors that determine discrimination, like availability of resources, nutrition, domestic violence, etc. Telephonic interviews were conducted for fifty-one university students from different states of India. The female students were asked about their difficulties in their education and daily chores due to gender discrimination at their respective homes. One of the critical factors that the research participants expressed was that even educated parents discriminated because they thought it is accepted and regular due to society's patriarchal mind-set. Female students were not appreciated for the daily chores or sacrifices as it was considered a part of their responsibilities. Changing this attitude and belief about women should begin from the house level for reducing gender stereotypes in society.

A Precarious Future: Reflections from a Survey of Early Career Researchers in Archaeology

This article presents the results of a 2021 international online survey of 419 early career researchers in archaeology. Respondents were passionate about pursuing an academic career, but pessimistic about job and career prospects. Statistics highlight specific obstacles, especially for women, from unstable employment to inequitable practices, and a chronic lack of support. Over 180 open-ended comments reveal worrying levels of workplace bullying and discrimination, particularly targeting women and minorities. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on early career researchers is also examined. The survey's findings are analysed and contextualized within the international higher education sector. A communal effort is necessary to create sustained change, but early career researchers remain hopeful that change can be implemented. (English) [ FROM AUTHOR] Cet article présente les résultats d'un sondage en ligne conduit en 2021 à échelle internationale, auquel 419 jeunes archéologues chercheurs ont répondu. Ils tiennent ardemment à poursuivre une carrière universitaire ou de chercheur mais sont pessimistes quant à leurs perspectives professionnelles. Les statistiques révèlent des obstacles spécifiques, affectant surtout les femmes, tels que les emplois à statut précaire, les pratiques inéquitables et un manque chronique de soutien. Plus de 180 commentaires libres exposent un niveau inquiétant d'intimidation et de discrimination en milieu professionnel visant particulièrement les femmes et les minorités. L'étude considère également les effets de la pandémie de COVID-19 sur les chercheurs en début de carrière. Les résultats du sondage, analysés dans le contexte de l'enseignement supérieur, indiquent qu'il faut un effort concerté pour produire un changement durable dans les conditions de travail des jeunes chercheurs. Ces derniers restent cependant optimistes quant aux chances de succès d'une telle initiative. Translation by Madeleine Hummler (French) [ FROM AUTHOR] Die Ergebnisse einer Umfrage, welche im Jahre 2021 auf internationaler Ebene 419 Nachwuchsforscher im Bereich der Archäologie befragt hat, zeigen, dass sie leidenschaftlich ihre wissenschaftliche Laufbahn verfolgen wollen, aber dass sie in Bezug auf berufliche Aussichten pessimistisch sind. Die Statistiken weisen auf bestimmte Hindernisse wie prekäre Arbeitsbedingungen, ungerechte Verfahren und mangelnde Unterstützung, besonders bei Frauen. Über 180 offene Kommentare offenbaren eine besorgniserregende Menge von Mobbing und Diskriminierungsfällen, vor allem an Frauen und Minderheiten gerichtet. Die Verfasser besprechen auch die Auswirkungen der COVID-19-Pandemie auf Nachwuchsforscher. Die Ergebnisse der Umfrage werden innerhalb des internationalen Hochschulwesens bewertet und kontextualisiert. Es ergibt sich, dass eine gemeinsame Leistung nötig ist, um die heutigen Verhältnisse nachhaltig zu ändern;die Nachwuchsforscher hoffen jedoch weiterhin, dass solche Veränderungen erfolgen können. Translation by Madeleine Hummler (German) [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of European Journal of Archaeology is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

Academics in Lockdown: A Gendered Perspective on Self-Esteem in Academia during the COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown

This qualitative research explores the experiences and sense-making of self-worth of 1857 South African women academics during the enforced pandemic lockdown between March and September 2020;the study was conducted through an inductive, content analysis process. Since worldwide lockdowns were imposed in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, women academics, in particular, have reported a unique set of challenges from working from home. Gender inequality within the scientific enterprise has been well documented;however, the cost to female academics' self-esteem, which has been exacerbated by the pandemic, has yet to be fully realized. The findings of the study include negative emotional experiences related to self-worth, engagement in social comparisons, and the fear of judgement by colleagues, which were exacerbated by peer pressure. Finally, the sense-making of academic women's self-esteem as it relates to their academic identity was reported. Beyond being the first comprehensive national study on the topic, the study's insights are more broadly useful for determining what support, accommodation, and assistance is needed for academic women to sustain performance in their academic and research duties at universities worldwide. © 2023 by the authors.

#MeToo, Covid-19 and the new workplace: re-examining institutional discrimination's impact on workplace harassment of expatriates following two exogenous shocks

Purpose: Replication is essential to science for the purpose of (1) updating previously accepted knowledge and (2) testing the boundary conditions of this knowledge. Although Bader et al.'s (2018) impactful paper on gender harassment experienced by expatriates was only published five years ago, there have been two relevant exogenous shocks to the environment since they collected their data, making this study an excellent target for replication. Design/methodology/approach: Three-hundred ninety-one expatriates who were currently working in 79 different countries completed an electronic survey that included scales for gender harassment, ethnicity harassment, general stress, frustration and job satisfaction. Data were analyzed using partial least-squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) in Stata17. Findings: Consistent with prior research, gender had a significant relationship with workplace gender harassment (ß = 0.228, p < 0.001) such that males experienced lower levels of harassment than other expatriates. The relationship between race/ethnicity and experiences of ethnicity harassment was dependent upon model specification. Workplace harassment had a negative relationship with job satisfaction (gender harassment, ß = −0.114, p = 0.030;ethnicity harassment;ß = −0.146, p = 0.002) and a positive relationship with frustration (gender harassment, ß = 0.231, p < 0.001;ethnicity harassment, ß = 0.213, p < 0.001). Originality/value: Using a larger, more diverse sample than that used in prior research, the authors were able to test the generalizability of accepted knowledge. While the authors replicated many findings identified in prior research, they failed to replicate the effects pertaining to the relationship between macro-level variables and experiences of harassment. Given that macro-level variables play a key role in status construction theory (SCT), this research raises important questions for future work. © 2023, Emerald Publishing Limited.

Racial Prejudice and Gender Discrimination against Northeast Indians amidst COVID-19

The outburst of the COVID-19 pandemic has been largely racialized. With its origin rooted in China, Asians across the globe experienced labelling to be responsible for the pandemic. Asians or mongoloid looking individuals suffered discrimination, and contempt worldwide. In India, the pandemic restored and reestablished the social problem i.e. racialism against the Northeast Indians which has been tackled over the years. While most of the Indians have non-mongoloid looks, the Northeast Indians are mainly Asiatic race. As such, they have Asian looks though Indian in blood. The fight of the Northeast Indians has been double. They have to fight against the virus as everyone, and against the negative mindset of their fellow Indians against them. The Indian government, as such, promptly established a committee to look into the matter. But there has been no law against it which makes it hard to act accordingly. Besides the racial affliction, there existed gender discrimination which doubled the affliction of the women of northeast Indians. © 2022 Aesthetics Media Services. All rights reserved.

Perceived organizational justice and trust as mediators between perceived gender discrimination and organizational outcomes

Many people, especially women, have experienced gender discrimination in their work lives (e.g., Eagly & Diekman, 2005;Morrison et al., 1987). Gaining an understanding of how perception of gender discrimination is related to organizational outcomes is very important for organizations. In this study, I reviewed extant literatures on perceived gender discrimination, perceived organizational justice, perceived external organizational justice, trust in organization, trust in supervisor, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, turnover intention, and corporate social responsibility. I proposed and used structural equation modeling to test the models of the relationships among these constructs to understand how people's perceived gender discrimination is related to turnover intention through the other constructs based on a sample of 880 U.S. participants. Results showed that employees' perception of gender discrimination was related to turnover intention indirectly through distributive, procedural, and interactional perceived organizational justice, perceived interactional external organizational justice, trust in organization, trust in supervisor, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment. I also studied how COVID-19 impacted people's work and life. I discuss the implications, limitations, and directions for future study based on the findings of this study. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

Migrant Women as a Risk Group in Contemporary Human Trafficking

This article examines the problem of human trafficking in modern times through the example of the female population. The influence of standard factors under the influence of which one or another population group becomes particularly vulnerable to abduction and subsequent exploitation is currently becoming particularly acute due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The article examines and analyzes the significant aggravation of the problem of trafficking in women at the present stage. Despite the fact that the UN recognizes this problem as very significant, there is still a lack of targeted solutions to the problem. It is also worth noting that the current situation can be improved not only by the results of specific programs, but also by the efforts of the international community aimed at achieving the SDGs, which will help to eliminate the impact of factors that increase the likelihood of being trafficked. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Perceived organizational justice and trust as mediators between perceived gender discrimination and organizational outcomes

Many people, especially women, have experienced gender discrimination in their work lives (e.g., Eagly & Diekman, 2005;Morrison et al., 1987). Gaining an understanding of how perception of gender discrimination is related to organizational outcomes is very important for organizations. In this study, I reviewed extant literatures on perceived gender discrimination, perceived organizational justice, perceived external organizational justice, trust in organization, trust in supervisor, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, turnover intention, and corporate social responsibility. I proposed and used structural equation modeling to test the models of the relationships among these constructs to understand how people's perceived gender discrimination is related to turnover intention through the other constructs based on a sample of 880 U.S. participants. Results showed that employees' perception of gender discrimination was related to turnover intention indirectly through distributive, procedural, and interactional perceived organizational justice, perceived interactional external organizational justice, trust in organization, trust in supervisor, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment. I also studied how COVID-19 impacted people's work and life. I discuss the implications, limitations, and directions for future study based on the findings of this study. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

Time for Inclusion of Racial and Gender Discrimination in Routine Clinical Assessment.

Recently, there has been an increasing amount of scientific interest towards the broad theme of racial inequalities and their impact on human health, specifically exploring how ethnic discrimination affects the wellness of black people and the COVID-19 pandemic. Some of these conditions of inequity also affect black children. Discrimination and racism should be routinely considered as causative agents or triggers of disease and routinely included in clinical examination, during history collection and evaluation of vital signs. This will benefit child and family health, worldwide. We shared our recent experience by reporting a case of a 13-year-old black girl who came to Italy from Niger about 3 years earlier through the traumatizing migratory journey. She was evaluated in the Pediatric Emergency Department (PED) for sleepiness that had progressively worsened during the last days. We describe the case and how it was handled differently by pediatricians and pediatric trainees with equally different personal and professional backgrounds.We also report the preliminary results of a national survey aimed to assess discrimination and inequalities in Italian Paediatric Residency Schools. Medical ability has been allowing us to respond rapidly to a novel virus in order to save lives. The expertise of doctors and researchers must be used to evaluate this hidden crisis as well, to address racism and injustice and to protect vulnerable people from harm. Our case showed us how it is essential including racial and gender discrimination in a diagnostic process.

Dr Mom's Added Burden.

Today's female physicians face a "triple whammy" of structural discrimination, rigid work expectations, and increasing educational debt. Coronavirus disease 2019 is disproportionately amplifying these forces on women. The burden of these forces on women, the likely long-term consequences, and some preliminary solutions are discussed.